Central Sahel
Mali · Burkina Faso · NigerDaniel begins with the central Sahel in most papers. The three military-led governments created the AES and are testing new security, diplomatic and resource relationships.
Geographic scope
Daniel starts in the central Sahel
Daniel focuses most papers on Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger. He includes neighbouring states when traders, armed groups, migrants or diplomats cross borders.
AtlanticSenegalMauritania
Primary focusMaliBurkina FasoNiger
Eastern contextChadSudan
Coastal interface
Benin · Togo · Ghana · Côte d’IvoireAES importers and exporters use these coastal routes. Armed groups have expanded into northern Benin and Togo.
Atlantic Sahel
Senegal · Mauritania · The Gambia · GuineaDaniel compares centre-periphery relations across Senegal, Mauritania, The Gambia and Guinea. Officials and traders in those countries manage Atlantic access, mobility and diplomacy.
Lake Chad and the eastern belt
Nigeria · Cameroon · Chad · Sudan · EritreaPeople, goods and armed groups move between this area and the wider belt. Daniel includes it when the research question follows those routes.
Use of the term
Daniel defines the term Sahel in each paper.
Ecology: the semi-arid transition between the Sahara and the savanna.
Institutions: governments and organisations publish different country lists for development, security and diplomacy.
Politics: traders, migrants, armed groups and governments create links that shift with the research question.
Current work