Archive
Publication type: <span>Assessment</span>
Cocaine across the Sahel: the protection economy
Cocaine reaches West Africa by sea and air. Daniel maps the Algeria- and Libya-facing branches, then traces the officials, brokers and armed protectors who make them durable.
Mauritania is carrying Mali’s war
Hodh Chargui receives the people, livestock and trauma that Mali's armed actors push across the border. Daniel examines the pressure on host communities and the security value of funding protection.
Mali after France: a harsher bargain
France's security model had lost public trust. Mali's rulers replaced it with Russian forces, fewer independent monitors and a longer military transition. Daniel tests the result against civilian-harm data and…